Weaning is a key milestone in beef cattle production, marking the transition from a milk-based diet to solid feed. While natural weaning can occur gradually over several months, conventional beef production often involves weaning calves between 5 and 8 months of age.
However, weaning can be a stressful time for both cow and calf. The sudden loss of milk and separation from the dam can increase a calf’s risk of illness—especially if additional stressors such as transport or contact with unfamiliar animals are introduced.
Common Weaning Methods
Most weaning strategies involve separating the cow and calf in some way. Here are the most common approaches:
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Abrupt Weaning: Calves are completely separated from their mothers, with no physical or visual contact.
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Fence-Line Weaning: Calves and cows are separated by a fence, allowing visual and auditory contact but preventing nursing.
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Two-Stage Weaning: A nose-flap is used to stop the calf from nursing while it stays with the dam. After a few days, the flap is removed, and the calf is then separated, reducing the shock of weaning.
Best Practices to Support Calves During Weaning
To ensure healthy, low-stress weaning, producers are encouraged to:
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Develop a weaning plan that minimizes stress and prepares calves for the transition.
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Consider low-stress methods, such as two-stage or fence-line weaning.
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Implement a preconditioning program that includes pre-vaccination to boost immunity.
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Wean earlier if pasture quality is poor or if cow body condition scores are below targets.
Body Condition Score (BCS) Targets for Spring-Calving Beef Cattle
| Stage of Production | Target BCS (out of 5) |
|---|---|
| 30 days before breeding | 2.5 (cows), 3.0 (heifers), 3.0–3.5 (bulls) |
| Start of winter feeding | 3.0 (all females), 3.0–3.5 (bulls) |
| Calving | 2.5 (mature cows), 3.0 (bred/first-calf heifers) |
Feeding and Nutrition Requirements
To support cattle health during weaning and beyond:
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Continuously monitor behaviour, health, and body condition and adjust feed as needed.
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Provide consistent access to quality feed tailored to the animal’s age, reproductive status, and health.
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Take action to improve the body condition of any cattle scoring 2 or lower on a 5-point scale.
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Protect animals from harmful substances such as fertilizers, lead, treated seed, and spoiled feed.
Additional Recommendations
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Test feed quality and balance rations as needed—seek guidance from a nutritionist.
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Be aware of micronutrient imbalances in your region and provide supplements accordingly.
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Store and manage feed to preserve nutritional value and prevent spoilage.
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Avoid sudden changes in diet that can disrupt digestion.
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Ensure less competition for feed among vulnerable cattle (sick, injured, or recovering animals).
By taking a strategic and attentive approach to weaning, producers can reduce stress, lower disease risk, and support the long-term health and productivity of their herds.
