A recent case of anthrax in the Rural Municipality (RM) of Paynton No. 470 has prompted renewed warnings to livestock producers across Saskatchewan. On May 13, 2025, laboratory testing confirmed anthrax as the cause of death in two cattle, marking the latest incident in a province with a long history of outbreaks.
What is Anthrax?
Anthrax is a deadly bacterial disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, which can survive in spore form for decades. These spores lie dormant in soil but can resurface under certain conditions—particularly after flooding, during droughts, or when soil is disturbed through excavation. Livestock typically become infected by ingesting contaminated forage.
Cattle, bison, sheep, goats, and horses are especially susceptible. While pigs, dogs, and cats are more resistant, they can still become infected under certain conditions. Birds and carnivores generally face lower risks.
Sudden Death is Often the First Sign
One of the challenges of detecting anthrax is its rapid progression. Animals are often found dead without prior signs of illness. When symptoms do occur, they may include staggering, difficulty breathing, trembling, collapse, and convulsions. In some cases, there may be bloody discharge from body openings.
Prevention is Key
Vaccination remains the most effective way to protect livestock. Saskatchewan Agriculture recommends annual vaccination, especially in areas with a history of anthrax cases. The Sterne vaccine is licensed for use in cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and horses. Bison may also be vaccinated off-label under veterinary guidance.
In cases where anthrax is suspected, carcasses should not be moved or opened. Disturbing the carcass can release spores into the environment, increasing the risk of spreading the disease. Carcasses should also be protected from scavengers such as coyotes and ravens.
Response and Quarantine Measures
Saskatchewan’s anthrax response plan, in place since 2014, includes carcass testing, quarantine of affected pastures, and trace-back investigations. Once a case is confirmed, the affected area is quarantined for at least seven days after the last death, provided carcasses have been properly disposed of.
Veterinarians play a critical role in this response, helping producers with diagnosis, vaccination, and disinfection. The Ministry of Agriculture covers the cost of testing and veterinarian services provided on its behalf. However, producers are responsible for carcass disposal, treatment, and preventive measures such as vaccination.
A Persistent Threat
Anthrax is a federally reportable disease and cases must be reported to both the Canadian Food Inspection Agency and the provincial Chief Veterinary Officer within 24 hours.
Historical data show recurring outbreaks in Saskatchewan, with confirmed cases in several municipalities since 2014. While this latest incident in the RM of Paynton is currently limited to one farm, producers across the province are being urged to stay alert.
Weather patterns, particularly alternating periods of wet and dry conditions, can increase exposure risk. In dry years, cattle may graze closer to dried-out sloughs and potholes where spores tend to accumulate.
What to Do if You Suspect Anthrax
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Contact your veterinarian immediately.
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Do not move or open the carcass.
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Keep scavengers away from the remains.
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Avoid handling potentially infected animals.
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Report all confirmed cases within 24 hours.
While the risk to humans is low, infection can occur through direct contact with contaminated animals. Anyone who suspects exposure should contact their local health authority or physician.
For additional guidance on prevention, vaccination, and managing an outbreak, visit Saskatchewan Agriculture’s anthrax response page.
